Izicupi zesilika esikhanyayo ngaphandle kwezicupi zepapu: Izinkimbinkimbi zokugcina umhlaba

Ukukhetha phakathi kwezicuphi zomthwalo ozincane nezicuphi zepaperi zibe yindlela eyodwa yokuxoxa kwimisebenzi yokuqala kwezinkampani nezinkampani zokuthuthukisa izwe. Nakuba izicuphi zepaperi ziyatholakala njengokwahlukile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuziphatha kwezwe, futhi izicuphi zomthwalo ozincane ziyasemthwalo njengokubhekisela kumsebenzi wokugcina umhlaba, ukusobala kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, ukusobala kwezinhlelo zokuvula izinto ezivame ukuzihlukanisa, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwezinto ezingavumelekile, nokuthi kuyizinto zokuphatha kwezinhlelo zokuphatha kwez......

Ukuziqonda lezi ziquqo zokukhetha kufune ukuphuma phambili kweziquqo zezinto ezizenzakalelayo ngemithombo yezinto, futhi ukubheka imithombo yezinhlelo zokusebenza kwemvelo ezingavamile kanye nezinkokhelo zokusebenza kwemvelo, kusukela ku-imbhalo yekhabhoni, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla wokuproducwa, ubunikazi bokuhambisa, izinkokhelo zokufaka emsebenzini okwesibonelo esikhulayo, nokubuyiselwa kwezinto eziphathelene nesikhundla sokugcina emakhaya enye yezindawo zokugcina izinto ezingasendaweni.

Ukulinganisa Imbhalo Yemvelo Yokuproducwa

Ukuthatha Kwemithombo Yezinto Futhi Ukuprosesa

Ukuchitha kwemvelo kwezicuphi zomhlophe zisuka kusukela kwe-petroleum futhi kuzo zizindlela zokuhlanganisa izinkampani ezihlanganisa i-crude oil emva kwalokho ziyakha i-polyethylene terephthalate noma i-polypropylene resins. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza kwezinkampani zezipetrochemical ziyasebenza ngokushesha kakhulu futhi zikwenza ukuthi izinkampani zezifossil fuel zihlukile, kodwa izindawo zokusebenza kwezintsha zazifika ekutholeni kwezinkampani zokusebenza ngokushesha kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izinqumo zokubuyela umthelela wokusebenza futhi nokuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokusebenzisa izinkampani zokuhlanganisa. Ukuproducwa kwekilogramu yekhili ye-PET resin kusobala kufanele kusebenzise i-kilogramu yezinkampani zezicrude oil ezingama-2 futhi kwenze i-kilogramu yezinkampani zezicarbon dioxide ezingama-3 ekuproduceni kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa.

Ukwenza izicuphi zempapu kuyidinga ukuthatha izihlathi esizimisekile noma izihlathi ezingaphansi kwemvelo, emva kwalokho kubhekwa ngamandla okukhishwa kwezihlathi noma ukusebenzisa amandla okukhishwa kwezihlathi ngokuchaza ngokushesha kwezihlathi, okuhlanganisa izihlathi zezihlathi nezihlathi zezihlathi. Nangona impapu ingathathelwa kabusha ngokwemvelo, ukukhishwa kwezihlathi kusetha amandla amaningi asebhaleni namanzi, ikakhulu ekukhishweni kwezihlathi ngokuchaza ngokushesha kwezihlathi okusebenzisa izilungisi zokufaka izihlathi ukuze zihlange izihlathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicuphi zempapu zonke zidinga ukuthi zibe nemilingani yepolyethylene noma yezihlathi zokubhala ukuze zibe nesikhundla sokugcina amanzi, okuthi zinamandla okukhishwa kwezihlathi kahle nakuba ziyimpapu, okuhambisana nokubhala kwezihlathi zokubhala.

Amadlaya wezindaba zokwenza namanzi

Imisebenzi yokuthakelwa noma kubhukisha kwemithambo yezinkulungwane zokubhukisha izicuphi zezinkulungwane ezingaphansi zokubhukisha zisetha amanzi angaphezulu kuma-izicuphi zepaper, nokuba kuzoba ngokuvamile ukusebenzisa amanzi kumathuluzi wokuhlisa amanzi ekupheleni kwemisebenzi yokuqondisa izicuphi zezinkulungwane. Ukusebenzisa i-enerji kwemisebenzi yokwenza izicuphi zezinkulungwane iyasekela kumisebenzi yokuthakela nokubhukisha, nokuthi imisebenzi eyodwa isebenza ngokuhle ngokusebenzisa izindawo zokuhlisa ngokuhle nokuphinda kwezinsuku ezinkulu okunqamuka ukuthakela kwezinkulungwane. Imibhalo yokuqondisa umkhakha wokusebenza (lifecycle assessment) ibonisa ngokuvamile ukuthi ukwenza izicuphi zezinkulungwane isetha amanzi angama-50 ku-60 percent angaphezulu kuma-izicuphi zepaper uma kubhekwa ukuthakela kwezinkulungwane, ukubhukisha, nokubhukisha kwezinkulungwane.

Ukwenza izikhumba zemithi kufuna izinyathelo eziningi ezingaphakamisa amanzi, kubandakanya ukususa isikhumba, ukwenza izihlathi emashini yemithi, nokufaka izinkampani ezingaphakamisa amanzi okukhokha izihlathi phambi kokugcina nokwenza izikhumba. I-profil yomthelela wokwenza izikhumba zemithi iyaphakamisa ukuthenga isitimela sokususa isikhumba nokusebenzisa amashini amakhulu yemithi okwenza izihlathi ezifanayo phambi kokugcina nokwenza izikhumba. Uma kuchazwa umthelela wokwenza ngokujulile, izikhumba zemithi ziyadinga umthelela oyingaphezu kwe-15 ku-25 percent ngalunye okwenzekayo kungezikhumba zemithi zokubhala ezifanayo nesivinini, kodwa lokhu kuhambelana kakhulu ngokwesikhombiso sesikhombiso sokwenza, ubungakanani bokusebenza kwesifundazwe, nokuthi kusebenziswe kahle isikhumba esisodwa kwenziwa.

Ubungakanani Bekuhambelela Nokudistributeka

Ukuphakanyiswa kwegama phakathi kwezicuphi zemvelo zokubhala nezicuphi zepaperi kwenza ukuthi kubhekene nesilinganiso esihle sokuthinteka kwendawo yokuqonda kwezindawo zokuthengisa. Izicuphi zemvelo zokubhala ziyathinta ngokuvamile ama-30 kuze kube ama-40 percent ngaphezu kwezicuphi zepaperi zokufana nokulingana kwezivolumu nezinkundla zokubhala, kusiza ukuthi kubhekene noma kubhekene kwezinye izinto ngaluphakade lwesibhakabhaka futhi kunciphisa ukuthinteka kwemoto ekusakheni. Lokhu kukhona kuyathinta ngqo ukuthinteka kwemoto kwezindawo zokuthengisa, kusukela emaphakathi okuphatha amasimu kuya emaphakathi yokuthengisa futhi kuya kumkhiqizo wokugcina wokuthengisa kwezinhlangano zokuthengisa, kubonisa indlela eyisilinganiso esingasiziyo yokuthinteka kwezinhlangano zokuthengisa ekubhekene nesilinganiso sezinhlangano.

Izicuphi zepaperi zihlukaniswe ngokuvamile ngokulingana kwezivolumu ngalunye ngokuthi kungafanele ukuthi zilungeke kuhlanganiswa futhi ngokuthi kunezinkinga zokubhala, kunciphisa ngokuvamile ukuthinteka kwezindawo zokuthengisa kusukela kuzo zokulungeka kokuhlukaniswa kwezicuphi zemvelo zokubhala eziningi. imikhala yezincwadi ezilungileyo izindlela zokudesigna. Umkhawulo wokugcina izicelo zemikhamba yamaphutha kuyasiza amakhasini ukunciphisa uhlobo lwezindlela zokuthumela, ukunciphisa izindawo zokugcina ezidingekayo, nokunciphisa izinkinga zokuthuthukisa kwesikhashana sokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthumela, okwenza umkhawulo wokuthumela owenziwa ngokuphelele ukubhekana nezinkinga zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa kwez......

Izindlela zokugcina kwezindawo zokugcina neziphumo

Ukuthuthukisa kwezindlela zokugcina nokuzimela kwezinkinga

Ukukhula kwezinto ezinokuvuselelwa kwezicupi zomthwalo ozincane kuyaphenduka kakhulu kubunye besiqondiso sezinto nekutholakala kwesikhungo sokuvuselela emazweni amahhlanu. Izicupi zomthwalo ozincane ze-PET zinokuvuselelwa kakhulu emazweni apho kukho izindlela zokuvuselela ze-PET, ngoba lezinto zinokuvuselelwa ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezinto ephindwe kabusha ukwenza izinto ezintsha njengezinto zokufaka, izihluzi, futhi noma izipaki zokudla uma zihlanganiswe ngemithombo eyinkimbinkimbi yokususa amaswidi nezinto ezingavumelekile. Kodwa, izicupi zomthwalo ozincane ze-polypropylene nezicupi zomthwalo ozincane ze-polystyrene ziyasebenza ngokugcwele kwezinye izikhungo zokuvuselela, ngoba kunezikhungo zezwe zokuvuselela eziningi ezizokubhalwa kulezi zinhlobo zezinto, futhi ukungavumelekile kwezinto zokudla kunciphisa kakhulu izinombolo zokuvuselela zokwesibonelo ngaphezu kwezinombolo zokuvuselela zokwesibonelo.

Izicupi zebhurji zinakha izinkinga ezingaphezulu zokubuyisela kusebenza ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bakhathazeka ukuthi izibhurji ziyindawo eyinkulu yokubuyisela kusebenza. Umkhakha wase-Polyethylene owenziwa ukuzimela amanzi kumazicupi onke awunakwenzeka ukubuyiselwa kusebenza emizini yezibhurji, futhi kufuneka kubuyiselwe kusebenza emizini eyodwa yokubuyisela kusebenza oyikwazi ukusilisa umkhakha kusukela kwezibhurji. Ngokwesikhathi soku, kungu-5% kuphela kwezicupi zebhurji ezibuyiselwa kusebenza emizini yonke ngoba kunezinkinga zokubuyisela kusebenza, izinkinga zokuhlanjwa, nokuthi akukho uphleli lwemali lokusilisa izinto ezihlukahlukene, okusho ukuthi izicupi zebhurji zonke zihlala emizini yamagugu noma kuzihlambulula ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bafuna ukubuyisela kusebenza.

Ukuphela Kwamagugu Nobukhona Bokwenzeka Kwemvelo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezicupi zezinkamba ezingaphansi kwemvelo yezindawo zokugcina izinto ezingaphansi kuzoba ngokuchaza kakhulu, kubonisa ukuthi izinkamba zezibhokisi zezinye zezilungile zokufunda ziyadlula ngokuphelele emva kwezintandabuzo zezinsukwane kusukela kuminyaka eyisigqibo kusukela kuminyaka emibili. Noma lokhu kucacisa kubhekwa njengokungafanele kwezinhlelo zemvelo, ubukhulu bezinkamba emvelweni yezindawo zokugcina izinto ezingaphansi kuyakuthi kunezindlela ezincinci zokuhlanganiswa nezindlela zokuphuma kwe-methane, ngaphandle kokuthi izinto zezinhlelo zemvelo zihlukaniswa futhi zithi kuzoba ngokuthi kuzobonakala izigaba zezinhlelo zemvelo, ngaphandle kokuthi izinto zezinhlelo zemvelo zihlukaniswa futhi zithi kuzoba ngokuthi kuzobonakala izigaba zezinhlelo zemvelo. Ukuxhumana ngezinhlelo zemvelo kuyakubhekwa kahle kubukhulu kwezinto zokugcina izinto ezingaphansi kanye nezinkinga zemvelo zokugcina izinto ezingaphansi, apho izinkamba ziyakuthi kuzoba ngokuthi kuzobonakala izigaba zezinhlelo zemvelo zokugcina izinto ezingaphansi.

Izicupi zebhuriti kumazikhumba kubonakala ngokuthi kuzoba nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi k......

Ukuthi kuzoba nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana nokuthi kuzobhekana......

Ukubonakala nokuhlala kwezicuphi zemphakathi zokugcina ezincane zokugcina kuzoba yinkululeko enkulu yomhlaba ngaphandle kokuthi ukugcina kwenziwa ngendlela efanelekileyo. Izicuphi zemphakathi ozigcina ngokugcina okungafanelekileyo noma ngokungakwazi ukugcina kwezindawo zokugcina ziyagcina emhlabeni nasezilwane, lapho ubusuku buphakanyisa ukugcina kwezinye izinye zezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ezizwele kwezinye izinye ez......

Izicupi zesilwane zihlukana kusho kakhulu kunamazicupi amahle wokubhala, ikakhulu emizini yezinsuku ephakeme apho umsebenzi wamadoda abe nesikhathi sokuhlukana kwezinkulungwane nokuhlukana kwezinto zokuhlanza kuzokwakha izinkulungwane zocelulo ngeminyaka eyisikhwama kuya kuye eminyakeni eyisigcwele kuya kuye eminyakeni eyisigcwele. Kodwa, i-polyethylene lining esincayi kwizicupi zesilwane isibonakalise emva kokuhlukana kwezinkulungwane, sibeka isibonakaliso sesifilmi sesilwane sokubhala sokuthi sithola isibonakaliso sesilwane esincayi ngokufanayo nokuthi kusenziwa ngamazicupi amahle. Ukuhlukana kusho kakhulu kwezincayi zokubhala kunezinkinga zokubhala kwezilwane ngokuvamile, kodwa akasivumeli ukuthi zizokwakha izinkinga zokubhala kwezilwane ngokuphelele ngokuba kuyisimo sokubhala kwezicupi zesilwane zasezinsukwini.

Ukuchaza Kwesibonakaliso Sesilwane Nezinga Lokuzimela

Amagasi Amanzi Okugcina Amagasi Amanzi Okugcina

Ukubhalwa kwezifundo zokuhlola kwezinqakathi zokuphatha izinto ngokuphelele, okuzokubonisa izilinganiso zezinye izinto ezihlukene phakathi kwezicuphi zemithambo ephakeme nezicuphi zepaperi, ziyaphendula kumethode yokuproducwa, izithunzi zomthwalo, nokuthi izinto ziziphi. Izifundo ezisuselwa kuzezibhizinisi zokuhlola kwezinhloso zokulinda umhlaba ziyabonisa ukuthi izicuphi zemithambo ephakeme zihlala zihlola izinkinga zokugcina amandla emhlabathi kumaphuzu wokuproducwa, noma kuphi izicuphi zepolyethylene terephthalate (PET) zihlola izinkinga zokugcina amandla emhlabathi ngokulingana ne-30–40% kancane kulokho okuhlanganisa izinkinga zokuproducwa kwezinkampani zokuproducwa kwezinto, ukuproducwa kwesicuphi, nokufaka kwesicuphi isikrini sokuphatha izinto, okufanele kuzimele kubili izinto.

Ukuchaza kwe-carbon yamaphothi amahlanu asebenzisa i-plastic kusukela ekuphakenyeni kuyisiphumo sokusebenzisa amandla angaphezu kwezinye izinto, futhi akukho ukusebenzisa amanzi ngokushesha ekuphakenyeni kwamaphothi amahlanu okunye noma kubhekwa kuzo zonke izinto ezinamandla angaphezu kwezinye. Kodwa, lokhu kufanele kubhekwe ngokulinganisa nezindlela zokugcina izinto eziyisikhathi sokugcina, apho ukuphuma kwamaphothi amahlanu emlandelweni kuyenza amandla amakhulu okuphuma kwe-methane okungafana nokuphuma kwezinto zokuphakama kusukela ekuphakenyeni uma kubhekwa kuzo izindlela zokugcina amandla amakhulu emlandelweni kanye nezinkinga zokuxhumana. Izimpahla ezizimisele ukunciphisa ukuchaza kwe-climate kufanele zibheke izindlela zokugcina zonke zezinto zokuphakama kusukela ekuphakenyeni, kusukela ekuthumeleni, kanye nezindlela zokugcina zokubhekwa ngokwempilo kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela kuzo zonke izinto zokuphakama kusukela......

Ukuchaza kwe-Renewable kanye nezinkinga zokubhekana nesilika

Ukuthi izinto ziyisiphiwo esinokubuyiselwa noma esinokungabuyiselwa kusukela kwezinye izinto ziyisibonelo esibalulekile phakathi kwezincuphethi zepaperi nezincuphethi zephalastiki, nokuthi kunezinkinga zokugcina ngokwesikhathi eside. Izincuphethi zepaperi zithola umthombo wabo wokwakha ngokuphelele kusuka kwezinto zomhlaba ozobuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa ukuthenga kwamaphuzu amacarboni ngokuphathelana nezinkulungwane, futhi kwenza isiklasi sesiphiwo esinokubuyiselwa ngokuthetheka uma sitholwa kumathuba okuziphatha ngokuhle. Lokhu kunciphisa izinkinga zokugcina ngokwesikhathi eside kwezinkulungwane ezinokungabuyiselwa, kodwa ngokwesikhathi esifushane ukubala amacarboni kubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha izinkulungwane kanye nokuprosesa kuzosholwa amacarboni atholakalwe, futhi isilayiningi esisuka kwezinkulungwane kusiza ekutheni kwezinkulungwane ezinokungabuyiselwa.

Izicupi zezikhali ezingaphansi zokubhala ziyasebenzisa ngokuphelele izinkampani zezibonakaliso zezindini ezinamandla okukhula, okuyinto eyenzela ukuthi izindlela zokusebenzisa izindini zizihlukile kanye nokuthi kuzoba nezinkinga zokusebenzisa izindini zokukhula ngokuphelele, futhi kuzoba nezinkinga zokubhekana nezindawo zokukhula ngezindawo zokukhula. Kodwa, ukwakhiwa kwemithombo yezikhali ezingaphansi kuyakha umlando wokusebenzisa izikhali ngokuphinda phinde ngokuphinda phinde, okuyakha umlando wokusebenzisa izindawo zokusebenzisa izindini ngokuphinda phinde, okuyakwenza ukuthi kuzobhekana ngokuphinda phinde ngokuphinda phinde ngokuphinda phinde. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zezindini zokukhula ezisuselwa ematshini amanzi nezilungu zokukhula kuyakha umlando wokusebenzisa izikhali zezindini zokukhula, kodwa izikhali zezindini zokukhula zezinye zizihlukile kanye nokuthi kuzoba nezinkinga zokusebenzisa izindawo zokukhula, izinkinga zokuthengisa, kanye nezinkinga zokugcina izindawo zokukhula, okuyakha umlando wokuthi akukho ukusebenzisa izikhali zezindini zokukhula ngokuphelele.

Ukubuyisela Amandla Ngokuphuma Kwemvula

Kumazwe ongaphansi kwenkulumo yokusebenzisa isithwasa njengomthwalo, ivelaphi lezinkumbulo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha izicelo zokuphatha......

Izicupu zesilwane zinakha ukuthi zinakha isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo ngokufa kwezinye izinto, nakuba isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu futhi isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane siphakathi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvelo siphansi kakhulu kusukela ekubeni isibonelo sesilwane s......

Izinkinga Zokusebenza Ngempilo Nezinguquko Zasezweni

Ukuchaza Ukuthenga Nomthwalo Wokuphatha Kwemvelo

Ukuchitha kwesilinganiso sokuthengiswa kwezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa nezicuphi zempapu kubangela ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ekhetheni kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokugcina izindlela zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokudlisa, nasezicuphi zomthwalo wokucacisa ziyatholak......

Kodwa, izilinganiso zokulawula eziqondile kuzoba ziyaphakanyiswa, kufuneka kubhekwe ukuthi kunezinkinga zokuphatha izicabha zezincwadi, ukuzimela kwezincwadi ezisemthwakweni, nokuthi kunezindlela zokuphatha izinto ezizimele ngokuphatha kwabo abazilitha, futhi kuzoba kuyaphakanyiswa ukuthi kunezinkinga zokuphatha izicabha zezincwadi zokubuka ngokuphakanyiswa kwezinkinga zokuphatha, izinkinga zokuthunywa, nokuthi kunezinkinga zokususa izinto ezisemthwakweni. Ezinye izindawo zazisetha izinkinga zokususa izinto ezisemthwakweni ezihlukene okuzoba kuzikhipha izincwadi zezincwadi noma kuzoba kuzinika izinkampani zokuthenga izincwadi zezincwadi zokubuka, futhi kuzoba kuyashintsha izinkinga zokuthenga izincwadi zezincwadi zokubuka ngokuphakanyiswa kwezinkinga zokuthenga izincwadi zezincwadi zokubuka ngokuphakanyiswa kwezinkinga zokuthenga izincwadi zezincwadi zokubuka, nokuthi kunezinkinga zokuthenga izincwadi zezincwadi zokubuka ngokuphakanyiswa kwezinkinga zokuthenga izincwadi zezincwadi zokubuka. Izibonelo ziyakufanele zibheke izincwadi zokuthenga zabo ngokuphakanyiswa kwezilinganiso zokulawula zabo futhi zibone izilinganiso ezizokushintsha ezizokushintsha izinkinga zokuthenga ngokuphakanyiswa kwezinkinga zokuthenga izincwadi zezincwadi zokubuka.

Ukubona Kwabantu Basebenzi Nobunikazi Besebenzi

Ukubona kuka-Consumer kwezinkinga zomhlaba kuyabhekisa ngokuphelele emisebenzini yokuqondisa izinto ezisemthwakathini, nokuthi iziphumo zesifundo sasemkhosini sibonisa ukuthi izicuphi zempapu ziyabonwa ngokuphelele njengokuthi zinamandla okuhle kumhlaba phakathi kuka-Consumer nakuba iziphumo zokuhlola kwesikhathi sokusebenza kuzo kuyizilinganiso ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kugcina umphumela wokubona okuhlukahlukene okwenza ukuthi izibizo zokufaka isithembiso zikwenzeka kumaqhinga osebenzisa izicuphi zempapu ezingaphansi, ikakhulu emaqhingeni wezomnotho apho ukubona kwezinkinga zomhlaba kuyabhekisa imisebenzi yokuthenga futhi ukubonwa kwe-media yezomnotho kuyabhekisa izimpendulo zokuhle kwezinkinga zomhlaba. Amakhompini aqondisa ukuthi isithembiso noma ukubona kwezinkinga zomhlaba kuyisibonelo esikhulu kumaqhinga ayilungile ngokuthi amaqhinga asebenzisa izicuphi zempapu nangoba iziphumo zokuhlola kwesikhathi sokusebenza kuzo zibonisa ukuthi izicuphi zempapu ziyasebenza ngokulingana noma ngokuphelele kunezicuphi zempapu.

Ukubonakaliswa kwezicuphi zomthwalo ozincane kusinika iziphakamiso zokusebenza ekuboniseni kwemithwalo, okuhambisana nokuphakamisa isikhundla sokuthengiswa kwezinto ezinkulu nokubonisa ukuthengiswa ngokubheka, okwenza ubukhona kwezinkinga phakathi kwezinhloso zokubonakala njengokuthi kuyasebenza kahle kanye nezinhloso zokuhlukanisa iprodukthi. Amasipho amaningi ayisisekelo lezinkinga ngokwenza izikhumbuzo zokubuyela emuva, ukusebenzisa izicuphi zomthwalo ozincane ozisuse kwezinye izicuphi, noma ukumelana nezomthwalo zezinhlanzi ezisuka kwezinto zokudla okunakekileyo, okuhlinzekile ukubonakala kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwezinhloso zokulungisa umhlaba. Ukubambisana phakathi kwezinketho zomthwalo nokuthi yiziphi izinhloso zomphakathi kudinga ukuzilonda kahle izinhloso zabezifundo abazihlakanipha, ukuthi yini ukuthi kuyaphakamisa kanye nokubonakala kwezinhloso zokulungisa umhlaba okubonakalayo ngokubheka kwezinhloso zokusebenza kanye nokuthi kuyisibonelo esingcono kunezinhloso zomthwalo.

Isikhundla Sokuphatha Izindiza Zomhlaba

Uphando lwesilingo sesilingo esihle kusukela kwezinkundla zokusebenzisa izinto ziyisisekelo esikhulu kwezinkundla zokuphatha izinto ezingavunyelwanga, noma kubonakala ukuthi kunezinkinga ezinkulu phakathi kwezinkundla ezenza ukuthintana ngokuphelele nokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkundla ezenza ukuthintana ngokuphelele nokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkundla ezenza ukuthintana ngokuphelele. Kwezinkundla ezenza ukuthintana ngokuphelele kwe-PET nokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkundla ezenza ukuthintana ngokuphelele, izicuphi zesilingo esihle zingakwazi ukuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokuphelele kwezinkinga ezinkulu zokuthintana ngokup......

Izicupi zebhuriti zihlukaniswe ngokwezindlela zokusebenza kusukela kubungabunga bezokugcina izinto eziphakathi kwezindawo nezinkampani zokubuyisela ukususa izinto eziphakathi ezithile. Iizwe nesistimu yezokugcina izinto eziphakathi zokusebenza ngokwemithombo yezibhuriti zebhuriti enezilayini zepolietileni zinakubika izindlela zokugcina izinto eziphakathi okunokwenzeka, okunakunceda ukuthola izinto eziphakathi zokusebenza, kodwa lezi zinkampani zingazange zibe khona kunezindawo eziningi. Izibhuriti ezisebenzisa ema-geyozini amaningi azihlukanisa izindlela zokukhetha izinto eziphakathi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kufanele bakhethwe izicupi ezahlukene kuzo zonke izindawo ngokwesifundo sezinto eziphakathi zokusebenza, izimpendulo zokulawula, nezinkampani zokugcina izinto eziphakathi okunakubika iziphumo zokugcina izinto eziphakathi zokusebenza ngaphezu kwezinyathelo zokusebenza zokugcina izinto eziphakathi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ngabe izicupi zezikrithali ezingafanayo zingabi nzima kakhulu kumhlaba kuloko kwezicupi zebhuriti?

Izicuphi zesiphephelo esizibonakalayo asizihlukene kakhulu ngokwesibonelo esiphakeme kuma-cup yesiphephelo uma kubhekwa ngokugcina isibonelo sokuphatha kwazo konke. Nakuba izicuphi zesiphephelo ziyasebenzisa izithuthi zomhlaba wokuphatha amandla futhi zikhona ekhaya uma kuzilandelwa, zisemthwakweni kakhulu ukuthi zilungisele amandla okuhleliweyo emsulwa, zisetha amandla amancane kanye nezindawo zokusebenza kusukela kumsebenzi wokwenza, futhi zinomkhondo omncane uma kuzilandelwa kusukela kumsebenzi wokuthengisa kunezicuphi zesiphephelo. Izicuphi zesiphephelo, nakuba ziyadlala izithuthi zokuphatha amandla, zifuna umsebenzi wokuphatha amandla okuhleliweyo, zinamaphutha esiphephelo esingasolwa ngokuphambana nokusolwa, futhi zilungisele amandla okuhleliweyo emsebenzi wokuthabatha kusukela kumsebenzi wokuthabatha. Ukuthi iphi kwezizinto zilungile kakhulu kule ndawo yezinhlobo zokuphatha, kuyisibonelo sokuphatha kwazo konke, izindlela zokwenza, isikhundla sezinkampani zokuphatha izinto ezingavumelekile, izimboni zokusolwa, futhi ukuthi izicuphi ziyagcina kusukela kumsebenzi wokuphatha noma kusukela kumsebenzi wokuphatha.

Ngabe izicuphi zesiphephelo esizibonakalayo zingasolwa ngokulinganayo kunezinkampani eziningi?

Ukubuyiselwa kwemibhalo yezinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha kunezinto eziningi kakhulu ngokwezinkampani zokusebenza kanye nezinkampani zokubuyisela emazweni. Izinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha ze-PET zinakubuyiselwa ngemikhombi eminingi yokubuyisela ephathelana nezinkamba ze-PET, kodwa ukungafani kwezinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha ngezinkampani zokuphatha amanzi ephutha kanye nokugxilwa kwezinkamba ezingabuyiselwanga kuzoba yinkampani eyenkulu yokubuyisela ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sokubuyisela. Izinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha ze-polypropylene kanye nezinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha ze-polystyrene zinakubuyiselwa kungenani, ngoba amazwe amaningi angaqondwa lezi zinkampani zokusebenza kumikhombi yezinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha ekhaya. Nangona kunezinkampani ezifanele, izinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha kufanele zibe cilile, zibuyiselwe ngokuphelele, futhi zibuyiselwe ngemikhombi ephathelana nokuchaza ubukhulu bokusebenza kusuka kwezinkampani, izinkinga ezingaqondwa ngokuphelele emisebenzini yezinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha kunezizwe eziningi.

Izifundo zizinga zingaphi zokufuna izibonelo zokubhekana ngezinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha kanye nezinkamba zokuphatha amanzi ephutha?

Amabhizinisi kufanele bahlalele ukukhetha izinto ezisebenzayo ngokubhekisele kuqondiso oluphelele lokuqukethwe kwezinto ezisebenzayo, okuphakathi kwezinye izindaba zokugcina umhlaba ngokwesikhathi sokusebenza kwazo, isikhundla sezinkulungwane zokuphatha izinto ezingavaliyo kwenhlabathi yabo, ukutholakala kwezinto ezingavaliyo, izimpendulo zokuguqula nokuguqula izimpendulo, izindlela zokuthenga futhi izindlela zokuvula izinto ezingavaliyo, izinqumo zokusebenza zokubhala izinto nezinkulungwane zokusebenza, nokuhambisana nesivumelwano sebhizinisi nezinqumo zabezinhloko. Ngaphandle kokuziphatha ngokwesibonelo sezinto ezisebenzayo, abahlaleli kufanele bahlalele iziqondiso esebenzayo zokugcina umhlaba ngokwesikhathi, baze bazi izimo zokuphela kwazo zezinto ezisebenzayo kwenhlabathi yabo, baze bahlalele izindlela ezihlukene njengezinto ezingavaliyo, ukwenza iziprojekthi zokubuyela izinto ezingavaliyo, noma ukukhetha izinto ezihlukene kuzo zonke izindawo ngokubhekisele kwezindlela zokuvula izinto ezingavaliyo nezinkulungwane zokugcina umhlaba.

Izicupi zezinto ezingavaliyo noma ezinokuvula ngokuphelele zisolvele izinkinga zokugcina umhlaba zezicupi zezinto ezingavaliyo zokubuka ngokuphelele?

Izicupi zemphakathi yezinkulungwane zokubhukuda nezokugcina kuzo zihlanganisa izinkinga zokusebenzisa izinkulungwane zokubhukuda zokufana nokubhukuda kwamaphuzu, kodwa zingena ngamathuba amasha okuhlanganisa okungafanele kakhulu, akasivumeli ukuthi zibe yizimpilo zonke. Izinkulungwane zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda kwezintu zokubhukuda zokubhukuda k......