Izinkothambo zezilwane zokuchitha izinkomo zizimele nini?

Ezivumelwano se-FDA izinkothama zesiPhansi sokwakha kwezinto zokudla : Ukuchaza izikodi zokubhalwa kwezinkulungwane #1–#7

Ukuthi izikodi zokubhalwa kwezinkulungwane ziyahambisana njani nesigaba sokuxhumana nezinkulungwane zokudla nokuvumelwa

Izicombolo zesibonelo sezinkambo (RICs) ku-1 ukuya ku-7 zisiza ekuboneni ukuthi iphakathi liphi elilweni leplastiki, kodwa lezinye izinombolo azizange zibonele ukuthi iphakathi liyasebenza ngokuphelele ngezinto ezihlukene nezinkambo. Phindela u-PET (#1), lusebenza kahle kakhulu ekugcineni amadragu ngokuvimbisa umthelelo nesikhwama. U-HDPE (#2) uyaphambana kahle nesikhumba esikwimilki nezinye izibonelo ezifanayo. Kodwa, ukubona inombolo yaleyo kuphela akusiza kahle kakhulu ekuboneni ukuthi iphakathi liyafanele ukusebenza ngezinto ezihlukene nezinkambo. I-Food and Drug Administration iyagcina lezi ziqiniso ngokujabula kakhulu konke okufakwa kwiplastiki, futhi kuyajabula konke okufakwa kuyo, amabhawu, amacolor, nokude ukuthi iphakathi liyakuhlangana nezinto ezihlukene nezinkambo kanye nokuthi kuzoba yini ikhanda lokuhlala kwezinto ezihlukene nezinkambo. Ngamanye amaxesha, iziphakathi ziyathola lezi zicombolo zesi-RIC kodwa ziyasemva kahle kakhulu ukusebenza ngezinto ezihlukene nezinkambo uma izinhlayo zezinto ziyadlula kumzimba wokugcina okwesibonelo noma uma kuchazwa emakhishini emnye.

Isibonelo Sesikhundla: Iziqu 174–178 ze-21 CFR nezindlela zokuvumeka kwe-FDA

I-FDA iyakhipha izilayithi zokuxhumana nezinkulungwane ngemiphumela yase-21 CFR Amapharti 174–178, okuyiseto lezindlela ezikhulu zokuxhumana nokubeka izinto kuzo ukuze kuvunyelwe izinkinga zokugula. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuphumelela:

• Amazwi Okuxhumana Nezinkulungwane (FCNs) ayikhipha ukuthi abahlinzi bafakwe amadatha amaningi yokuxhumana emisebenzini esimulayi—njengokuxhumana ngezinkulungwane ezingaqinile, ezingaqinile, noma ezingaqinile kuzo izinkulungwane zokudla noma kuzo izinkulungwane zokudla zokufika kuqinile.
• U Isilinganiso Sokuxhumana (TOR) lekhishinshini isebenzisa kuphela izinto ezingasizi kakhulu kuzo izinkulungwane zokudla ngaphezu kwe-0.5 parts per billion, uma akukho zinkinga zokugula.

Ukuphumelela kuyisibonelo sokubona ukuthi izinto zihlakanipha ngokwempilo phakathi kweminye imizamo yezimo—akukho kusibonelo sokuthi kusetyenziswa kuphela ekhalabhasini. Isibonelo, iziphathalathi ezisetyenziswayo njengezilayithi zokuhlukanisa ezinye izilayithi zokuxhumana ngezinkulungwane zokudla zokuxhumana kuzo izinkulungwane zokudla ezingaqinile njenge-cheddar noma i-cooking oil, lapho izinkinga zokuxhumana kuzo ziyakhula kakhulu.

Isigaba #7 'Esinye': Ukuchaza izilayithi ezinconywa njengokubhekene ne-BPA Polycarbonate

Isiqembu sesibhakathini sikhokha izinto zonke zeziphasitiki ezingaqondakali ngokuphelele kuzo izikhowudi zokubuyisela kuwo manje, kusukela kwezinkimbinkimbi ezintsha nezilungile kunezindawo zezinye ezenziwe ngaphambi kwalokho esizithi aziphakamile. Faka isibonelo sika-PLA, esenzelwe ngokwesitha sezincili, okwabulawa ngokuvumela kuka-FDA ukusebenza kwemithombo yezicelo nezinto zokudlala emakhanda, kodwa akasemthandwa ukusebenza ngezinto ezihlabe. Emva kwalokho kukho i-Tritan copolyester, iphasitiki elihlanu elingakwazi ukugqibela ngokushesha, okufundwa kahle kumabhokisi wamanzi nemabhokisi esebenzisa kumikroveyivu njengoba ayinazo izinkimbi zika-bisphenol futhi inakwazi ukubaluleka ekugcineni kwemikhaya ngokuphinda phinda. Ngaphakathi kwalokho, iphasitiki yempela yoka-polycarbonate (eyayishicilela ngaphansi kuka-#7) yayisebenzisa i-BPA, okuyinto engavumelekile kuzo izinhlobo zemithimba yethu futhi ibhekise kubizo lomkhondo noma umphumela wokuphila. Nakuba i-FDA yagcina i-BPA kumabhokisi wamadladla ngonyaka wa-2012, amazinyo amancane ayadluliswa kwezinye izinto zokudlala. Lokhu kuthi ukubona izichazi zokubuyela kuka-BPA zokuphathwa ngokwephepha zokuphatha kuyisidingo esikhulu ukusukela uma umuntu ufuna ukusebenzisa izibhokisi zaka-#7 ukuchitha izinto zokudlala.

Amaphlastikhi Amane Okuhle Kokugcina Inzimbi: PET, HDPE, LDPE, ne-PP kubhokisi bezinkulu zokugcina inzimbi

PET (#1): Ukubona Kwayo nokuthi Kuphakeme Ukugcina Amadraga nezinkulungwane Zokugcina Inzimbi — Kodwa Akasizi Ukugcina Kuzo

I-plastiki ye-PET zinikeza ukubonakaliswa kahle, ubukhulu obuhle, futhi zisebenza kahle njengezilimi ezikhiyela umoya nezilimi zokuxhumana noma zokugcina amanzi, okuyisibonelo sokuziyisisekelo kwezinkampani zezindlu zomshado, izincwadi zezindlu zomshado zokuphatha ngaphandle, nokuziyisisekelo kwezincwadi zezindlu zomshado zokubonakala kahle. Kodwa kukho isibopho? I-PET ayisebenzi kahle kusukela emhlabathini. Umphumela wakhe wokusebenza kahle uyisikhathi esingaphezu kwe-60°C (ngu-140°F). Uma abantu bafaka lezi zinkampani kumikrowave noma bafaka into ejwayelekileyo ekhulu kuzo, lezi zinkampani zizoba zihlukana kahle kusukela emhlabathini. Le hlukaniso inokuthinta i-antimony trioxide, eyodwa kwezizikhuba ezisetyenziswa ukwenza i-PET, ukuze lihlanze kulo nto olwesibonelo. Ngalesi simo, izimboni zezindlu zomshado zizicabanga kahle ukuthi i-PET ayikweli ukusetshenziswa kabusha noma ukuthi ikhululeke emhlabathini kuphela uma kusetshenziswa ukugcina izinto zomshado. Isibonelo sencwadi: uma into yavuka kuzinkampani ze-PET, ungakhululeka ukuzihlukanisa ngokuphatha kuzo.

HDPE (#2) ne-LDPE (#4): Ukusebenza kwe-Barrier Engaphezulu kwe-Dairy, Amasosha, nezibagho zokuphatha izinto ezifana nezilwane

I-HDPE iyaziwa ngokuthi inamandla amaningi ekubambeni izinkimende, futhi inamandla amaningi ekubambeni, okungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkhamba zemilki, izibhokisi zesitshala, nezibhokisi zeyogurt ziyadlalwa ngazo. Kuyaphela i-LDPE, okuyisikhathi esifana nesikhathi sokubendisa kahle futhi asigqibeleli kahle. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu kuzinto zisukela kuzibhokisi zeketchup, izibhokisi zemithi yezibhokisi zemithi yobread, nokubhala izifruit nezivegetables emakhaya. Lezi zinhlobo zezinto azizihlambululi izindlela zokuphatha kwezinye izinto, futhi zibamba kahle xa kushintsha isikhathi. i-HDPE ibhala kahle nakho xa kuchazwa ku-120 degrees Celsius (lokhu kuyisikhathi esingaphezu kuka-248 Fahrenheit). i-LDPE inakwazi ukubambisa izinto ezincane kahle, ibamba kahle kusukela ku-minus 50 Celsius ku-80 Celsius (ngokupheleleyo ku-minus 58 ku-176 Fahrenheit). Isizinda sokuthi lezi zinhlobo zezinto zibalulekile kakhulu kumzimba kuyikuthi izimboni zazo zibambisana kahle, zibambisa ukuthi azizihlambululi izinkimende noma izifat. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umzimba ubalulekile kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthi ubhale izindlela zokuphatha kwezinye izinto noma kuthi kufanele kuhlanganiswe ngokuvamile.

PP (#5): Isilimi esisiseko sokusebenzisa kuzo izinkothama zokuphakama kwe-microwave nokugcina amasosha athi aphakamile

I-polypropylene, noma i-PP njengoba ibizwa njalo, ikhanya ngempela uma kuziwa ekuhlaleni izinzile ngaphansi kokushisa uma iqhathaniswa namanye amapulasitiki esivame ukuwathola emaphaketheni okudla. Lolu hlobo lwezinto lugcina ukuma kwalo kahle kakhulu ebangeni lokushisa, kusukela cishe kuma-degree Celsius angu-20 kuya kuma-degree Celsius angu-120. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi i-PP inesakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi i-semi-crystalline esiyivikela kahle emafutheni, ekudleni okunamafutha ngisho nasengcindezini yomhwamuko. Yingakho sibona iziqukathi eziningi zokugcina izinto ezenziwe nge-microwave ezenziwe nge-polypropylene kulezi zinsuku, kanye nalezo zindebe ezincane ze-yogurt namaphakethe esobho agcwaliswa ngenkathi esashisa cishe ama-93 degrees Celsius. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe emaphephandabeni esayensi lubonisa ukuthi i-PP ayikhokhi amakhemikhali amaningi ayingozi aziwa ngokuthi ama-organic compounds, ngisho noma othile efaka izinsalela esitsheni esifanayo izikhathi eziningana. Kubantu abadinga izitsha zepulasitiki ezinokwethenjelwa zokufudumeza ukudla noma ezentengiselwano noma ekhaya, i-polypropylene ihlala ingenye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu ezitholakalayo namuhla.

Izinqakotho Zokusebenza Ezikubika Ukukhetha Iplastiki Yezinkothama Zempilo

Ukuphepha Kwemvutho Nokuphepha Kwemvutho: Ukulandela Umkhakha Womthwalo (Ukuchitha — Ukusebenzisa Umshini Wokuvula — Ukufaka Emvuthweni)

Ukukhetha iplastiki eyodwa yezinkothama zempilo kufuna ukulandela ngokuphelele phakathi kwezinkinga zomthwalo nokuthi yimiphi imiphumela yomthwalo:

• Ukuchitha/ukugcina emfuyweni (-20°C): i-PP ne-LDPE zilanda ukuziphatha ngokuphelele nokuphatha kahle kwezinto ezihlukahlukene; i-PET ne-PS ziyabuka.
• Ukusebenzisa umshini wokuvula (95–100°C): i-PP kuphela yisibonelo esikhona kusenzo lwe-FDA ngokuphathelene nokuqhubeka kokusebenzisa umshini wokuvula ngokuphelele ngokuba iyaphatha ngokuphelele kwezinkinga zokuguqula isilinganiso futhi inamaphrofayili amancane yokuhamba kwezinto emvuthweni ngokuphelele kwezinkinga zokuphepha kwemvutho.
• Ukufaka emvuthweni (¥85°C): i-PET ifuna ukucrishtaliza emva kokufaka ukuthi ikhululeka ukuphatha ukuphepha okuphezulu okuphansi kwezinsuku ezincinci, ngakho-ke i-PP iyathola ukuphatha kwezinkinga eziningi kusukela ku-120°C—ngakho-ke iyasebenzisa kakhulu ekuphakheni kwezinkinga zokuphatha kwezinto.

Abathengisi bavumela lezi zindikimiso ngokusebenzisa i-ASTM D794 (ukuguqulwa kwezintambo) ne-ASTM D4101 (ukuphatha kwezinqamulelo emva kokuguqulwa kwezintambo) ukuze bavume ukuthi izinkothama aziyakuguqula, azizwaka noma azilahle ekusetyenziseni.

Imiphumela Yemithombo Yezinkhombe: Indlela Okuyiniyo Ukuthi Umthwana Wemithombo, Isikhathi Sendawo, Nokugcina Kusobala

Ukuguqula kwemithombo akuvumi—kuphazimuleka kakhulu ngamathegi amathathu athiyanayo:

• Izinkomo zemithombo eziningi (isibonelo: izihlangu, ubhuthe, isishweshwe) zihlola izinkhombe zemithombo nezinkhombe zokuhlela kusukela kuzo kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela kwezinkomo zemithombo eziningi kusukela k......
• Isikhathi esiphakeme (>30°C) kuyaphazimuleka kakhulu ukuguqula kwemithombo—kuyadubula ukuguqula ngokugcina kusukela kwe-10°C.
• Isikhathi sokugcina eside (>30 emasuku) kuyabeka isikhathi sokugcina eside, okuyisisekelo esibalulekileyo kuma-prodhakthi okunamathuba yokuvumela.

Ukuze kubuyiselwe lokhu, i-FDA nezomnothi zase-EU zibhalisela ukuziphatha kwezinto ezikhona kusukela kwezinto eziphakeme kakhulu kodwa zinezinhloso zokusebenza—njengokugcina i-olive oil kwi-PET ngaphansi kwesikhathi sesi-40°C ngeminyaka eyi-10—ukuqinisa ukuthi kufanele kubhekwe izindleko zokuphepha kwezinto ezikhona kusukela kwezinto eziphakeme kakhulu njengamaphathalayithi nezinto ezingazihlukaniswa ngokuvamile (NIAS).

Kungani Amaphlastiki Amanye Ayabizwa: Izinkinga Zesi-PS (#6) Ne-PVC (#3) Kwezinkulungwane Zokugcina Iziphozo

Iz-plastik ezimbili, eziyinti ye-PVC (#3) ne-PS (#6), ziyaphakanyiswa kumsebenzi wokupakisha izinkozo ngoba abantu bayaqonda imiphumela yazo emphakathini nasezinhlanweni zezindaba zokuzalwa ngeminyaka eyadlule. Funa isibonelo se-PVC. Sizabona kakhulu kulo kuqala kwezincwadi zokugcina (cling wrap) kuya kubhokisi laba lomkhosi lwezinsuku ezingaphansi kwesikhumba. Kodwa lokho okunye: kumele kube nemithombo yezinto eziyinti zokufaka (phthalate additives) ozokwenzela ukuthi zihlange kuzinkozo ezinamafuta noma eziphambili, ikakhulu uma zihlawa. Kanti yini? Lezi zinto zihlange zizimelela emithimboni yethu futhi kungakhathaleki ukuthi zibeke umuntu ekutheni kwezindaba zokuzalwa ngokwesifundo esinye. Emva kwalokho kukhona i-polystyrene, eyabonakaliswa kwebhokisi lekofe esingasiza kwayo nasezibhokisini zesifo zokukhala. Uma izinkozo ezinamafuta noma eziphambili zihlawa kwalokho, kuhlanganiswa izinto eziyinti zokufaka (styrene monomer). I-World Health Organization iyathola i-styrene njengokuthi kungakhathaleki ukuthi kuyakwenza izindaba zokuzalwa kubantu, kodwa ayisayi ukuthi kuyakwenza ngempela. Kodwa kunye nokuthi kunezinkinga eziningi kakhulu ukuze usondele kahle ngokuthi yini le-plastik oyisiza kuzinkozo zakho.

Amadokotela e-Phelisitriya kusuka kwe-American Academy bakhuluma ngokucacile ukuthi abaphepha kufanele bahlale phakade kubeka izinkulu ezimbili zezinkulu zezincwadi zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zezinkulu zez......

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Izinkumbuzo Zemithombo Yebhola (RICs) ziyini?

Izinkumbuzo Zemithombo Yebhola (RICs) ziyizinombolo ezisuka ku-1 ukuya ku-7 ezibonisa uhlobo lwesikhumba esisebenziswe ukwenza iprodukthi. Zisiza ekuboneni ukuthi isikhumba sivela kuthani kodwa akasivumeli ukuthi sikhuseleke ngokuphelele kusenzo lokugcina amazinyo.

Izinkinga zokuphelele kwezikhumba eziyishicilelwe ngokuthi #7 ziyini?

Isigaba se-#7 sifaka izikhumba eziningi. Ezinye, njenge-Tritan copolyester, ziqondwa njengokuthi zikhuseleke, futhi ezinye, njenge-polycarbonate yedlule emsebenzini engekho i-BPA, zisiza kubophelele. Kufanele sibone izinhlobo zokuthi "Akukho BPA" (BPA Free) uma sikhetha izikhumba ze-#7 sokugcina amazinyo, ikakhulu uma kufuneka kuchazwe.

Kungani i-PVC (#3) ne-PS (#6) zingakwazi ukugcina amazinyo?

Kutholwe ukuthi i-PVC ne-PS zihlambulula izichaza ezingavumelekile njenge-phthalates ne-styrene, okungase kubophelele. Ngapandle kwalokho, lezi zikhumba zingadluliselwa ngokulingana futhi zisiza kubophelele kwezinsizakaliso zomhlaba. Izinkimbinkimbi eziphelele kakhulu njenge-PP (#5) ne-PET (#1) zilalekwa.

Izilayithi ziziphi ozikholekwa ngazo njengazo zokusebenza kahle kumafood? izinkothama zesiPhansi sokwakha kwezinto zokudla ?

Izilayithi ze-PET (#1), i-HDPE (#2), i-LDPE (#4), ne-PP (#5) ziyakholekwa ngokujwayelekile njengazo zokusebenza kahle kumafood. Kepha, ukuthi izilayithi ziyakholekwa ngokwesiqalekiso sezimiso zokuphepha kuyadeterminiwa yi-FDA ngokwezinkinga eziningi, njengezinkokhelo, izimo zokusebenzisa, nokunakekela kwemithombo yemichemical.