Izinkothambo zezilwane zokuchitha izinkomo kwezinkothambo zokuthengiselwa nokuthumela

Izinkothama zesiPhansi sokwakha kwezinto zokudla yokubhala kwezinto ezihlukene: Izinhlobo zemithambo, izivumelwano, nezindlela zokuphatha ukuthi zingabonakali

Izimithambo ezivumelwe ngu-FDA yokubhala kwezinkumbu zaseNingizimu Afrika: i-HDPE, i-LDPE, ne-PP

Kodwa kufuna ukubhala izipolikhazikhi ezihambisana ngokwesibonelo nesifood, i-FDA inemithombo eminingi yezimithombo ezingenani, kuyisibonelo esiqondile ku-21 CFR 177.1520. Iyavumela kuphela izipolikhazikhi eziyinhloso zokuhlala kweziquketho zokuchemistri futhi akuvumeleli ukuthi kuzobhala izinto ezinkulu kusukela kwezinye izinto ngemuva kweminyaka. Izinqanawa eziphakathi kwezivumelwano ziyizipolikhazikhi ze-HDPE (izipolikhazikhi zenombolo 2), i-LDPE (izipolikhazikhi zenombolo 4), ne-PP (izipolikhazikhi zenombolo 5). I-High density polyethylene iyakhuluma kahle ngokwesibonelo nesicelo nesifat, okuyisisekelo sokugcina izinto ezifana nezifood zezincili zomshado nezifood zezinsuku, njengoba kuyabhalwa. I-Low density polyethylene yilokho okunika izibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokusebenza kwezibhokisi zokuse......

Ukuqiniseka Kwesikhathi Sokubuka Kwemithamphani kanye Nezinkundla Zokuthumela Phansi/Phambili

Ukugcina izindawo zokugcina zikwakhiwe ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokukhula kwezinhlobo zemithamphani ziyisisekelo esikhulu sokuhlinzekisa ukudluliswa kwemithamphani kanye nokungafanele kwezinkundla zokudluliswa. I-polypropylene iyabuka ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokukhula nangaphakade ekhaya le-120°C, okuyinto eyenzeka ngokuphelele yinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisa emahlabathi okunyakaza noma ukususa imihlambi yezindawo ezihlukene emicrowave. I-high density polyethylene isebenza ngendlela ejulile phakathi kwe-minus 50°C kanye ne-110°C, ngakho ke isebenziselwa ngokujulile kuzindawo zokufuna ukuzwa kwezinkundla zokuhlwa kanye nezindawo zokuthumela isoup esiphambili esisidla. Kodwa i-low density polyethylene isebenza ngendlela eyohlukile. Uma imithamphani ihamba kuma-90°C, lezi zindawo zokugcina zizoba zikhula, okuthetha ukuthi izindlela zokudluliswa zizoba zingathwaliwa futhi izibhokisi azizondlela ngendlela ezenziwa ngayo. Ukufumana iziphumo eziningi kwezindawo zokugcina zemithamphani, sicela uhlale ujonge ukuthi yini lezinhlobo zemithamphani esebenziswe kanye nomkhakha wokubuka kwezinhlobo zazo.

• Sebenzisa izindawo zokugcina ze-PP kuzindawo zokuhlwa.
• Khetha i-HDPE kuzindawo zokuhlwa okuhlela kanye nezindawo zokuhlwa (isibonelo: izisause zokubhala izitomati, izicurry)
• Gcina i-LDPE yokuqondisa kuphela kumasevisi okugcina emhlabeni omkhulu noma emhlabeni ohlukileyo

Izinkinga zokuphuma kwezinkimanga ngaphansi kwesikhathi sokuchitha, ukuthiwa kwezinkimanga, nokuthiwa kwezinto zokusebenza

Ukuhamba kwezinkimika kusukela ukuthi kufanele kuzide ngokugcina kwezintemperatura eziningi, amafatshu, nokuthi kubhekene nesikhundla sokusebenza. Isibonelo, izifundo zibonisa ukuthi iziphathalathi eziphakanyisiwe ku-plastic ya-PVC (isikodi sokubuyisela-3) zingakhupha kusukela kumaphakathi emehluko kusukela kwezinye izinto ezinamafatshu ngokwesikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsitha eziyishumi nanye ngokwesikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsitha eziyishumi nanye ngokwesifundo esisayishwe ku-Journal of Food Science ngo-2023. Iz-plastic zesi-polystyrene ozibhekene nazo nge-isikodi-6 zingakhupha i-styrene, okuyizinto ezingahlanganisiwe kubantu, isibonelo uma zihlwa ngaphezu kwezintemperatura zezilingo eziyi-70. Uma lezi zinhlobo zomhlaba zihlwa ngokuphinda-phinda noma zihlwa kusukela kwezinye ngokuphinda-phinda ngokwesikhathi, izistraktcha zabo zezipolimeri zibekela ukuthi zihlwe, okuzosiza ukuthi zikhuphe izinto ezingahlanganisiwe kusukela kwezinye. Uma sibheka izinhlobo zomhlaba ozivumeke kakhulu ukusebenza nezinto zokudla, i-polypropylene (PP) ne-high density polyethylene (HDPE) ziyabona njengokuthi zinamigogo we-migration angaphezu kwezinye iz-plastic ezitholakala kuleli xesha.

Ukuqonda Imibhalo Yokugcina Amaphetha Ukusiza Ekukhetheni Amashinini Okuchitha Amazinkwane Ngokupheleleyo

Imibhalo Yokuhlanganisa Amaphetha (1–7) Nokuthi Yikuphi Kuphakathi Kwemishinini Yokuchitha Amazinkwane Okuqondile

Isimo sesikodi sokubhalwa kwesilika, laba nombolo kusukela ku-1 ukuya ku-7 kulesiqondiso sokuphakamisa amasimbi okuphakamisa ngaphakathi, sisebenza njengomthombo wokuthola ukuthi iphalastiki yini eyisenzeka ngayo xa kuyisikhumbuzo sokugcina nokubona ukuthi iyisafu kusuka kumshado. Uma ungena emashonini okugcina umshado noma into eyodwa engeyisenzeka ukugcina umshado ngokuhambisana, abantu abaningi kufanele bakhethwe iziphambano zephalastiki eziyibhalwe ngokuthi #1 (PET/PETE), #2 (HDPE), #4 (LDPE), noma #5 (PP) ngoba lezi zizoyisayishwa ngokujwayelekile ngaphansi kwe-FDA kumaqondo okugcina umshado ngokujwayelekile. Izisikodi ezinye njenge-#3 (PVC), #6 (PS), ne-#7 (okwenzekile ngokubhalwa kwe-polycarbonate noma ukubhalwa kwezinhlanganiso zamaphalastiki) zibonisa izinkinga zezempilo eziyaziwa futhi kahle kungabonakali ngokunjalo kumaqondo yokugcina umshado ngaphansi kwezimboni zezimpilo zonke.

Amakhetho amahle kakhulu yokuvulwa kweplastiki nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza: #2 (HDPE) no-#5 (PP) kufundisa ukuthuthukisa kwezindlu zokudla zokuphuma

Kodwa kufunda ukusebenza nokubuyisela, izilwane zokwenza izipharakhu zika-HDPE (inombolo yami-2) nezilwane zokwenza izipharakhu zika-polypropylene (inombolo yami-5) zibhekene ngaphezulu kwezinye. Izilwane zoka-polypropylene zinezinkinga ezithile ezingenziwa ngokuphambuka kwezinkulungwane ezingaphezulu kwe-160-170° C, futhi zingakuphambuka kahle. Lokhu kuyenza ukuthi kuyizindima eziningi zokusebenza ngezinkulungwane eziphezulu noma lapho umuntu ufuna ukubuyisa umshado emikro-wavini ngaphandle kokuzwa ukuthi ipharakhuthi iyaphambuka. Ngaphakathi kwalokho, i-HDPE isebenza kahle kuma-chemicals, ngakho akayikhipha lapho kusetyenziswa ukugcina izinto eziphansi noma izinkulungwane eziphansi ngaphandle kokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okunengqondo kulezi zilwane kukuthi zibuyisela ngaphandle kokukhipha isimo sayo isithembiso sasekuphambukweni kwezindawo eziningi, okuyisibonelo sokuthi amadoda amaningi ayifaka kumaphakathi ayo amaningi okubuyisela. Ukwaziswa okusha okuphathelwe ku-journal yokupakisha ngo-2023 wabonisa okunengqondo kakhulu futhi. Lapho kuchazwa ngokusebenzisa izinkulungwane ezi-90° C ngamahora amabili, izipharakhuthi zaka-PP zasithola amachemikhali angaphezulu kwe-0.01% kwezinto ezingaphakathi kwazo. Khangelani lezo zilwane nezilwane zoka-PET nezilwane zoka-LDPE, futhi izilwane zoka-PP zisebenza kahle kakhulu lapho kuzobuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa izinkulungwane eziphansi.

Iz-plastik ephakeme kakhulu ekufuneka zibuyiselwe kumaphakethi okukhokha amazinkali

PVC (#3), I-polystyrene (#6), namaplastik okwephepha kwe-BPA: Izinkinga zezempilo nezinkinga zokulawula

I-plastik ye-PVC enombala yamathathu iyasungula i-phthalates, okuyizinto eziyaziwa njengamadoda amabili okuhlanza isinyathelo sezinsimbi, ezilinkela nezinkinga zokuzalwa nokuphila. Lezi zikhemikhali ziyakwazi ukufika emithilini yezindlu zokudla lapho zihlukile kakhulu noma zibonakala ngamafutha. Kwanjalo, i-polystyrene, i-plastik enombala yasixhenxe, ikakhulu leyo yobunzima obubanzi esibonwa kuphela kumaphepha wekofi kuye kumazincwadi wezindlu zokudla. Lapho izindlu zokudla ezihlukile noma zinezinhlobo zemithi yezindlu zokudla zibonakala kuleli sibonelo, kusungulwa i-styrene. I-International Agency for Research on Cancer ibonisa i-styrene njengokuthi kungase kube yisithakazelo sokuvula kwabantu. Amaphakathi amaningi emzantsi yaseYurophu, eKhanada, kanye namacity amaningi aseMerika ayedlula ukugcina noma ukubhambisa lezi zibonelo zesi-plastik. Kungani lezi zibonelo zesi-plastik azinombala noma zinombala yasikhombisa yasivenda? Ziyashintsha i-BPA noma izinto ezifanayo ngezinye izinto njenge-BPS. Umgcino wokugcina kude ubonisa ukuthi lezi zinto zingahlanza umsawuli wethu kanye nezinhlobo zezinsimbi. Abasemthethweni bezempilo njenge-FDA kanye ne-EFSA bavuma ukuthi siyishintshe kwezinye izinto ezinembile. Izinto eziphelele kakhulu manje ziyizibonelo zesi-high density polyethylene (enombala yamabili) kanye ne-polypropylene (enombala yamashanu).

Ubukhulu Bomthwalo Wemikhombi Yemithwalo Ne-Realities Yokubuyisela Izinkothama zesiPhansi sokwakha kwezinto zokudla

Ngaphezulu Kwelabel: Lapho 'Kwenzeka Ngokuphelele Kumikhombi Yemithwalo' Kuphuma Kuqondisweni Lwesikhathi Sokusebenzisa I-Takeout

Isibhakabhaka "sokusebenza kumikhombisi" sikubonisa ukuthi into iyaphikisana nezindlela zokuhlelo lwe-FDA zokuhlala kakhulu ekupheleni kokuchitha—kodwa akubonisi ukuthi iyisafu ngokuphelele ekupheleni kokushintsha kwemithambo. Isiqhelo sezifundo ziyabona ukuthi izinto zihlukana noma zihlukana njengoba zichithwa kancane emaqondweni amathile, kodwa akazobonisa ukuthi kuzoba kanjani emikhombiseni apho umthelela wokuchitha awusizo, abantu bafuna izinkulungwane eziningi, noma izibhakabhaka zisebenziswa ngokuphinda-phinda. Okubalulekile kakhulu kukho ubukhulu bezinkolo ezifanayo nokuphela kwesilinganiso sokuchitha. Umgca wokufunda owaye wase-2024 kuka-EuroPlas wabonisa ukuthi izibhakabhaka zezimpilo zazadlula izinkomo zokugcina isilisa zezimpilo ngokushesha kwezinyanga ezingu-28 lapho kuchithwa izinkolo ezinamaphepha phakade kusukela ku-149 Fahrenheit (ngokulinganisa ku-65 Celsius). Futhi izibhakabhaka ezenziwe ngokwenza yizinkinga ezingcono. Izinyango zokuchitha noma izindawo ezingahlanzeka zihlukana kakhulu izibhakabhaka kusukela kuzo izinkomo zokushintsha zingavalelwa. Izibhakabhaka zezimpilo zezimpilo zika-PET zingathatha ukudlula amaphakathi okuphela emkhumbi yekhanda ngokushesha kanye ngezinyanga ezingu-1 ngokubonwa kwezifundo zemkhumbi.

Ukuze uqiniseke ukubuyisela kahle:

• Shintsha izinkulu ekuseni emasimini okanye emaglasini kabefore ukusebenzisa umkhumbi wokuphakama
• Bulawa yonke imbhokisi eqondekile, ephakade, noma eqhubekile
• Ungasebenzisi i-PVC (#3), i-polystyrene (#6), noma i-plastics #7 esingatholakali ngokuchaza

Ngoba amawattage we-microwave ayahlukena kakhulu—futhi izinkulu zezinkulu zokudlala ziyaphikisa 160 °F ngokuqiniseka—ukuhamba kwezinkinga kungafika kumilinga owenziwe ngemithombo ye-FDA (ChemicalSafetyFacts.org). Ukubhekana nezinye izinkokhelo ezikhuthazekile njenge-PP noma emaglasini kuyizindlela eziningi zokubhekana nokubona.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Izithi zezinkinga ziziphi ezikhuthazekile ngemithombo ye-FDA ukusetshenziswa kwinkulu?

I-HDPE, i-LDPE, ne-PP yizinkinga ezisodwa ngemithombo ye-FDA ukusetshenziswa kwinkulu ngokwesibonelo sezinkinga zabo sokugcina isibonelo noma ukuthabatha kancane.

Kungani ukuthabatha kwezinkinga kubalulekile kumabhokisi okudlala?

Ukuthabatha kwezinkinga kubalulekile ukudala ubunzima bomabhokisi, ukuvikela ukufowela, nokubhekana nokuphepha kwezinkulu lapho kushintshwa kwezinkinga ezingaphezulu ngokuqiniseka noma ngokuqondisa.

Izilabeli zokuthi "zisebenza kwi-microwave" ziyisodwa ngokuphelele?

Nakuba izilabeli zesikhathi "ziseweyi kwe-microwave" zibonisa ukuthi izinto ziyasemthethweni phakathi kweminye imizamo, kodwa ukusebenzisa kwezinhloso zokuphatha ngokwesibonelo kusenza ukuthi izinkimika ziphuma, ikakhulu xa kufakwa emhlabathini okuningi kwezinkimika.

Izinkotha zezihlango zokuchitha izinkimika zingazifuneki kuphi?

I-PVC (#3), i-Polystyrene (#6), nokuthi izihlango zokuchitha izinkimika ezinabantu baseBPA noma izinhloso zayo zingazifuneki kusukela ngokuziphatha kwazo kwezinhloso zokuphatha nokubaluleka kwezinhloso zokuphatha.